Published
September 21, 2024
Keywords
- Terrorist Financing,
- International Law,
- FATF,
- Customary International Law
How to Cite
Miebaka, N., & Odok, J. A. (2024). Combating Financing of Terrorism: Emerging International Law. Advances in Law, Pedagogy, and Multidisciplinary Humanities, 2(1), 1-24. Retrieved from http://103.133.36.82/index.php/alpamet/article/view/745
Abstract
The rise of international terrorism has underscored the critical need to combat terrorist financing, an essential element for the sustainability of global terrorist networks. This research examines the evolving framework of international law addressing the financing of terrorism, with a focus on the creation of new norms that may constitute customary international law. By analyzing key international instruments such as the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF) Special Recommendations, the paper explores how global cooperation and regulatory frameworks have developed to curtail terrorist financing. The research highlights the effectiveness of measures like know-your-customer (KYC) processes, suspicious transaction reporting (STR), and financial sanctions. It also critiques gaps in the existing legal regime, such as the under-regulation of alternative remittance systems and cryptocurrency use. Through a doctrinal methodology, this paper assesses whether international initiatives have successfully created binding global norms to suppress terrorist financing and considers the role of global bodies like the FATF in enforcing these standards.
References
Adams, M. (2021). Ghana’s Relations with The Commonwealth of Nations Under the Fourth Republic (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana).
Alexander, K. (2001). The international anti‐money‐laundering regime: the role of the financial action task force. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 4(3), 231-248.
Al-Zaqibh, A. A. M. (2013). International laws on money laundering. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(1), 43.
Bassiouni, M. C., & Wise, E. M. (2023). Aut dedere aut judicare: the duty to extradite or prosecute in international law. Brill.
Bures, O. (2017). Ten years of EU’s fight against terrorist financing: A critical assessment. In EU Counter-Terrorism and Intelligence (pp. 27-52). Routledge.
Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., Meister, S. R., Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., & Meister, S. R. (2017). The Spread of Terrorism: Libya I, Sudan I, Afghanistan/Taliban, Al Qaeda and ISIL, Lebanon. The Evolution of UN Sanctions: From a Tool of Warfare to a Tool of Peace, Security and Human Rights, 225-282.
Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., Meister, S. R., Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., & Meister, S. R. (2017). The Spread of Terrorism: Libya I, Sudan I, Afghanistan/Taliban, Al Qaeda and ISIL, Lebanon. The Evolution of UN Sanctions: From a Tool of Warfare to a Tool of Peace, Security and Human Rights, 225-282.
Chimimba, T. P. (2017). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) as a Tool for Criminal Law Enforcement. In The Pursuit of a Brave New World in International Law (pp. 359-394). Brill Nijhoff.
Chumba, C. (2016). Security-based diplomacy influencing transnational terrorism management between Kenya and Somalia (Doctoral dissertation, MMUST).
Dosman, E. A. (2004). For the Record: Designating Listed Entities for the Purposes of Terrorist Financing Offences at Canadian Law. U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev., 62, 1.
Edet, J. E., Ugbe, R. O., Nabiebu, M., Alobo, E. E., & Ijiomah, A. O. (2024). From Sovereign Immunity to Constitutional Immunity in Nigeria: Reappraising the Gains and Pitfalls. Migration Letters, 21(S2), 615-625.
Flechtner, H. M. (1988). Remedies Under the New International Sales Convention: The Perspective from Article 2 of the UCC. JL & Com., 8, 53.
Galchinsky, M. (2013). Quaint and Obsolete: The ‘War on Terror’ and the Right to Legal Personality. International Studies Perspectives, 14(3), 255-268.
Godfrey, T. U., Uwa, K. L., & Akpan, A. (2024). Personality Traits and Academic Performance of Students in Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 12(1), 21-37.
Godinho, J. (2010). When worlds collide: Enforcing United Nations Security Council asset freezes in the EU legal order. European Law Journal, 16(1), 67-93.
Gondek, M. (2005). Extraterritorial application of the European Convention on Human Rights: territorial focus in the age of globalization?. Netherlands International Law Review, 52(3), 349-387.
Howells, K. (2009). Could 7/7 Have Been Prevented?: Review of the Intelligence on the London Terrorist Attacks on 7 July 2005.
Ibrahim, S. A. (2019). The Use of Cryptocurrency in Terrorism-Financing and Money Laundering: Case Study of Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, Quaid-i-Azam University).
Klein, P. (2009). International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 1-5.
Letho, M. (2009). Indirect responsibility for terrorist acts: redefinition of the concept of terrorism beyond violent acts (Vol. 10). Brill.
Leuprecht, C., Cockfield, A., Simpson, P., & Haseeb, M. (2018). Tracking transnational terrorist resourcing nodes and networks. Fla. St. UL Rev., 46, 289.
McDowell, D. (2017). Brother, can you spare a billion?: the United States, the IMF, and the international lender of last resort. Oxford University Press.
McNaughton, K. J. (2023). The variability and clustering of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs)–A comparative analysis of national models of FIUs in selected western and eastern (post-Soviet) countries. Journal of Economic Criminology, 2, 100036.
Messmer, W. B., & Yordán, C. L. (2011). A partnership to counter international terrorism: The un security council and the un member states. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34(11), 843-861.
Michelle Gallant, M. (2010). Promise and perils: the making of global money laundering, terrorist finance norms. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 13(3), 175-183.
Naheed, I. (2020). A Critical Analysis of the UN Instruments against Terrorist Financing. Europolity-Continuity and Change in European Governance, 14(2), 217-234.
Nyarks, A. (2006). Varieties of Anaang language. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of Uyo.
Nyarks, A. (2012). English Mirror. Use of English and Communication Skills. Uyo: Noble Publishers & Associates.
Nyarks, A., & Campus, O. A. (2022). The Linguistic Evaluation of Anaang Syllable Structures. International Journal of Formal Education, 1(8), 1-15.
Nyarks, D. A. (2022, August). Affixation: A linguistic strategy for language development, a case study of Anaang language. In " ONLINE-CONFERENCES" PLATFORM (pp. 140-149).
Okide, U. (2020). An Analysis of Authors’ Viewpoints on Interfemale Hostility in Selected Igbo Novels. Kenneth Dike Journal of African Studies (KDJAS), 1(1).
Okide, U. (2021). Perspectives on Cultural and National Development as Reflected in Two Igbo Poems. Lagos Notes and Records, 27(1), 96-113.
Okide, U. J. (2019). Inter-Female Hostility as a Cultural Behavior in Freud’s Theory of Aggression. Culture, Precepts, and Social Change in Southeastern Nigeria: Understanding the Igbo, 113.
Okide, U. J. (2021). Perception and Artistic Presentation of the Phenomenon of Death among Igbo Poets. Sapientia, 3(2), 245-263.
Okide, U. J. (2022). CHILD ABUSE IN THE IGBO FAMILY: AN ANALYSIS OF OSUAGWU’ S NWA NGWII PUO EZE. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 4(1).
Okide, U. J. (2023). Cultural Views of Wealth in Traditional and Contemporary Igbo Society: Perspectives from Maduekwe’ s †œEgo na-ekwuâ€. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 5(2).
Owa, O. E., Miebaka, N., Odey, S. A., Ugbe, R. O., & Alobo, E. E. (2024). Impact of the 2014 Pension Reform Act on Workers’ Commitment, Retention and Attitude to Retirement in Cross River State, Nigeria. Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 293-301.
Pasco, G. A. (2012). Criminal financial investigations: the use of forensic accounting techniques and indirect methods of proof. CRC Press.
Prost, K. (2017). Security Council sanctions and fair process. In Research handbook on UN sanctions and international law (pp. 213-235). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Quilligan, M. (2013). Understanding Shadows: The Corrupt Use of Intelligence. SCB Distributors.
Saul, B. (2009). The emerging international law of terrorism. Indian Yearbook of International Law and Policy, 163-192.
Saul, B. (2012). Terrorism and international criminal law: questions of (in) coherence and (il) legitimacy. In International Criminal Justice (pp. 190-230). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Talmon, S. (2005). The Security Council as world legislature. American Journal of International Law, 99(1), 175-193.
Tofangsaz, H. (2020). Suppression of terrorist financing: over-criminalization through international law. Rowman & Littlefield.
Udo, I. L., & Udoh, M. (2023). Moral Education and Corruption in Nigeria: A Reflection on Plato's Counsel on Education. IILARD Journal of Humanities and Social Policy, 9(1), 1-12.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2013). Challenges and Prospects for Developing Scientific And Technological Attitude In Africa. African Journal of Culture, Philosophy and Society: Aworom Annang, 3(1), 7-15.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2013). The Place of Mythological Metaphysics in Social Control. Journal of Complementary Reflection: Studies of Asouzu, 3(1), 45-53.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2014). Socialization and Society: The Family System as a Basic Unit.
Udoh, M., & Umotong, I. (2013). Environment Sustainability and Renewablity. Elements of History and Philosophy of Science.
Uloma, O. V., Mbonu, C. N., Onuorah, A. C., Mbarah, G. O., Anyacho, E. O., Orji, M. B., ... & Eucharia, O. E. (2019). Culture, Precepts, and Social Change in Southeastern Nigeria: Understanding the Igbo. Rowman & Littlefield.
Young, R. (2006). Defining terrorism: The evolution of terrorism as a legal concept in international law and its influence on definitions in domestic legislation. BC Int'l & Comp. L. Rev., 29, 23.
Zolkaflil, S., Omar, N., Abdullah, W. N. H., & Nazri, S. N. F. S. M. (2015). A review on compliance rating: FATF special recommendation IX cross border declaration or disclosure. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 535-550.
Alexander, K. (2001). The international anti‐money‐laundering regime: the role of the financial action task force. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 4(3), 231-248.
Al-Zaqibh, A. A. M. (2013). International laws on money laundering. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(1), 43.
Bassiouni, M. C., & Wise, E. M. (2023). Aut dedere aut judicare: the duty to extradite or prosecute in international law. Brill.
Bures, O. (2017). Ten years of EU’s fight against terrorist financing: A critical assessment. In EU Counter-Terrorism and Intelligence (pp. 27-52). Routledge.
Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., Meister, S. R., Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., & Meister, S. R. (2017). The Spread of Terrorism: Libya I, Sudan I, Afghanistan/Taliban, Al Qaeda and ISIL, Lebanon. The Evolution of UN Sanctions: From a Tool of Warfare to a Tool of Peace, Security and Human Rights, 225-282.
Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., Meister, S. R., Carisch, E., Rickard-Martin, L., & Meister, S. R. (2017). The Spread of Terrorism: Libya I, Sudan I, Afghanistan/Taliban, Al Qaeda and ISIL, Lebanon. The Evolution of UN Sanctions: From a Tool of Warfare to a Tool of Peace, Security and Human Rights, 225-282.
Chimimba, T. P. (2017). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) as a Tool for Criminal Law Enforcement. In The Pursuit of a Brave New World in International Law (pp. 359-394). Brill Nijhoff.
Chumba, C. (2016). Security-based diplomacy influencing transnational terrorism management between Kenya and Somalia (Doctoral dissertation, MMUST).
Dosman, E. A. (2004). For the Record: Designating Listed Entities for the Purposes of Terrorist Financing Offences at Canadian Law. U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev., 62, 1.
Edet, J. E., Ugbe, R. O., Nabiebu, M., Alobo, E. E., & Ijiomah, A. O. (2024). From Sovereign Immunity to Constitutional Immunity in Nigeria: Reappraising the Gains and Pitfalls. Migration Letters, 21(S2), 615-625.
Flechtner, H. M. (1988). Remedies Under the New International Sales Convention: The Perspective from Article 2 of the UCC. JL & Com., 8, 53.
Galchinsky, M. (2013). Quaint and Obsolete: The ‘War on Terror’ and the Right to Legal Personality. International Studies Perspectives, 14(3), 255-268.
Godfrey, T. U., Uwa, K. L., & Akpan, A. (2024). Personality Traits and Academic Performance of Students in Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 12(1), 21-37.
Godinho, J. (2010). When worlds collide: Enforcing United Nations Security Council asset freezes in the EU legal order. European Law Journal, 16(1), 67-93.
Gondek, M. (2005). Extraterritorial application of the European Convention on Human Rights: territorial focus in the age of globalization?. Netherlands International Law Review, 52(3), 349-387.
Howells, K. (2009). Could 7/7 Have Been Prevented?: Review of the Intelligence on the London Terrorist Attacks on 7 July 2005.
Ibrahim, S. A. (2019). The Use of Cryptocurrency in Terrorism-Financing and Money Laundering: Case Study of Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, Quaid-i-Azam University).
Klein, P. (2009). International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 1-5.
Letho, M. (2009). Indirect responsibility for terrorist acts: redefinition of the concept of terrorism beyond violent acts (Vol. 10). Brill.
Leuprecht, C., Cockfield, A., Simpson, P., & Haseeb, M. (2018). Tracking transnational terrorist resourcing nodes and networks. Fla. St. UL Rev., 46, 289.
McDowell, D. (2017). Brother, can you spare a billion?: the United States, the IMF, and the international lender of last resort. Oxford University Press.
McNaughton, K. J. (2023). The variability and clustering of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs)–A comparative analysis of national models of FIUs in selected western and eastern (post-Soviet) countries. Journal of Economic Criminology, 2, 100036.
Messmer, W. B., & Yordán, C. L. (2011). A partnership to counter international terrorism: The un security council and the un member states. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34(11), 843-861.
Michelle Gallant, M. (2010). Promise and perils: the making of global money laundering, terrorist finance norms. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 13(3), 175-183.
Naheed, I. (2020). A Critical Analysis of the UN Instruments against Terrorist Financing. Europolity-Continuity and Change in European Governance, 14(2), 217-234.
Nyarks, A. (2006). Varieties of Anaang language. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of Uyo.
Nyarks, A. (2012). English Mirror. Use of English and Communication Skills. Uyo: Noble Publishers & Associates.
Nyarks, A., & Campus, O. A. (2022). The Linguistic Evaluation of Anaang Syllable Structures. International Journal of Formal Education, 1(8), 1-15.
Nyarks, D. A. (2022, August). Affixation: A linguistic strategy for language development, a case study of Anaang language. In " ONLINE-CONFERENCES" PLATFORM (pp. 140-149).
Okide, U. (2020). An Analysis of Authors’ Viewpoints on Interfemale Hostility in Selected Igbo Novels. Kenneth Dike Journal of African Studies (KDJAS), 1(1).
Okide, U. (2021). Perspectives on Cultural and National Development as Reflected in Two Igbo Poems. Lagos Notes and Records, 27(1), 96-113.
Okide, U. J. (2019). Inter-Female Hostility as a Cultural Behavior in Freud’s Theory of Aggression. Culture, Precepts, and Social Change in Southeastern Nigeria: Understanding the Igbo, 113.
Okide, U. J. (2021). Perception and Artistic Presentation of the Phenomenon of Death among Igbo Poets. Sapientia, 3(2), 245-263.
Okide, U. J. (2022). CHILD ABUSE IN THE IGBO FAMILY: AN ANALYSIS OF OSUAGWU’ S NWA NGWII PUO EZE. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 4(1).
Okide, U. J. (2023). Cultural Views of Wealth in Traditional and Contemporary Igbo Society: Perspectives from Maduekwe’ s †œEgo na-ekwuâ€. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 5(2).
Owa, O. E., Miebaka, N., Odey, S. A., Ugbe, R. O., & Alobo, E. E. (2024). Impact of the 2014 Pension Reform Act on Workers’ Commitment, Retention and Attitude to Retirement in Cross River State, Nigeria. Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 293-301.
Pasco, G. A. (2012). Criminal financial investigations: the use of forensic accounting techniques and indirect methods of proof. CRC Press.
Prost, K. (2017). Security Council sanctions and fair process. In Research handbook on UN sanctions and international law (pp. 213-235). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Quilligan, M. (2013). Understanding Shadows: The Corrupt Use of Intelligence. SCB Distributors.
Saul, B. (2009). The emerging international law of terrorism. Indian Yearbook of International Law and Policy, 163-192.
Saul, B. (2012). Terrorism and international criminal law: questions of (in) coherence and (il) legitimacy. In International Criminal Justice (pp. 190-230). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Talmon, S. (2005). The Security Council as world legislature. American Journal of International Law, 99(1), 175-193.
Tofangsaz, H. (2020). Suppression of terrorist financing: over-criminalization through international law. Rowman & Littlefield.
Udo, I. L., & Udoh, M. (2023). Moral Education and Corruption in Nigeria: A Reflection on Plato's Counsel on Education. IILARD Journal of Humanities and Social Policy, 9(1), 1-12.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2013). Challenges and Prospects for Developing Scientific And Technological Attitude In Africa. African Journal of Culture, Philosophy and Society: Aworom Annang, 3(1), 7-15.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2013). The Place of Mythological Metaphysics in Social Control. Journal of Complementary Reflection: Studies of Asouzu, 3(1), 45-53.
Udoh, M. O. S. E. S. (2014). Socialization and Society: The Family System as a Basic Unit.
Udoh, M., & Umotong, I. (2013). Environment Sustainability and Renewablity. Elements of History and Philosophy of Science.
Uloma, O. V., Mbonu, C. N., Onuorah, A. C., Mbarah, G. O., Anyacho, E. O., Orji, M. B., ... & Eucharia, O. E. (2019). Culture, Precepts, and Social Change in Southeastern Nigeria: Understanding the Igbo. Rowman & Littlefield.
Young, R. (2006). Defining terrorism: The evolution of terrorism as a legal concept in international law and its influence on definitions in domestic legislation. BC Int'l & Comp. L. Rev., 29, 23.
Zolkaflil, S., Omar, N., Abdullah, W. N. H., & Nazri, S. N. F. S. M. (2015). A review on compliance rating: FATF special recommendation IX cross border declaration or disclosure. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 535-550.